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| List of German monarchs in 1918 ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
List of German monarchs in 1918
The term ''Kaiserreich'' or German Empire (''Deutsches Kaiserreich'') commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of its last Kaiser, Wilhelm II, on November 9, 1918. Germans, when referring to the Reich in this period under the Kaisers, 1871 to 1918, typically use the term Kaiserreich. 〔''Harper's magazine, Volume 63''. Pp. 593. The term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people, the term "'Kaiserreich''" literally denotes an empire - particularly a hereditary empire led by a literal emperor, though ''Reich'' has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it has a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was ''Deutsches Reich'' that is properly translated as "German Realm" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a "presidency" of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state.〕
''Federal prince'' (''Bundesfürst'') was the generic term for the royal heads of state (monarchs) of the various states making up the German Empire. The empire was a federal state, with its constituent states remaining sovereign states. In total, there were 22 federal princes of the German Empire and additionally three republican heads of state and the steward of the imperial territory ruled by Alsace-Lorraine. The states became part of the Kaiserreich by an 1871 treaty. The ''Kaiser'' as head of the empire was granted the title German Emperor (the style "Emperor of Germany" being deliberately avoided), and was simultaneously a federal prince as King of Prussia, the sovereign of its largest federal state. Of the princely heads of state, 4 held the title King (König) (the Kings of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg), 6 held the title Grand Duke (Großherzog), 5 held the title Duke (Herzog), and 7 held the title Prince (i.e. Sovereign Prince, ''Fürst'').
Following the abdication of Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918 and German Revolution of 1918–19, the German nobility as a legally defined class was abolished on August 11, 1919 with the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution, under which all Germans were made equal before the law, and the legal rights and privileges, and all following German Houses, titles, insignia and ranks of nobility were abolished.
==Emperor of Germany (1918)==
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